Brain HealthExercise and Mindfulness May Reshape Brain Networks But Evidence Remains Mixed
As the brain ages, key resting-state networks governing thinking and emotional regulation tend to weaken. Researchers hoped aerobic exercise and mindfulness could preserve or restore this connectivity. A new narrative review examined 30 controlled studies testing exercise, mindful movement, and mindfulness-only programs on resting-state functional connectivity measured by fMRI. Most studies reported beneficial changes — particularly in the default mode, executive control, and salience networks. However, the largest and most methodologically rigorous study found little to no association between either intervention and brain connectivity changes. The reviewers conclude that inconsistent methodologies across studies make firm conclusions difficult, and call for standardized fMRI protocols before these interventions can be confidently recommended for brain health.
